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The Bethel Literary and Historical Society was an organization founded in 1881 by African Methodist Episcopal Church Bishop Daniel Payne and continued at least until 1915. It represented a highly significant development in African American society in Washington DC. Most of its early members were members of the Metropolitan AME Church where its meetings were held, while maintaining an open invitation for black Washingtonians from across the city. It immediately developed into the preeminent debating society and forum for racial issues in Washington, D.C. The prospect of a separation of schools for black children was heatedly debated in 1881-2 as were the ideas of Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois in 1903.〔 It was one of the stops of `Abdu'l-Bahá's journeys to the West. The society's presentations attracted a wide swath of speakers: Frederick Douglass ("The Philosophy and History of Reform"), Mary Ann Shadd ("Heroes of the Anti-Slavery Struggles"), Mary Church Terrell ("A Glimpse of Europe"), Belva Ann Lockwood ("Is Marriage a Failure?"), John Mercer Langston ("The Emancipated Races of Latin America"), Kelly Miller ("Higher Education"), Ida B. Wells ( "Southern Outrages"), Archibald Grimké ("Modern Industrialism and the Negro in the United States"). While several records of the organization are not preserved, among the presidents of the society listed in various sources are: * Robert J. Smith (1885, First president)〔"Observing Lincoln's Birthday". Evening Star (Washington (DC), District of Columbia). Tuesday, February 11, 1896. Page: 12〕 * Rev. James Dean (succeeded Smith)〔 * Joseph H. Douglass (succeeded Dean)〔 * John Wesley. Cromwell (succeeded Douglass)〔 * James Storum (succeeded Cromwell)〔 * George M. Arnold (succeeded Storum)〔 * Mary Church Terrell (1892, its first woman president〔 succeeded Arnold)〔 * J. K. Rector (succeeded Terrell〔)〔"Equality under the Merit. System-the Interest of the Negro-American in Civil". Freeman (Indianapolis, Indiana). Saturday, June 26, 1897 volume: 9. issue: 26. page: 3〕 * R. S. Smith (succeeded Rector〔) * A. E. Clark (1895 immediately preceded Hershaw,〔"Todyism". Saturday, November 2, 1895. Washington Bee (Washington (DC), District of Columbia). Volume: XIV Issue: 19 Page: 4〕 succeeded Smith〔) * Lafayette M. Hershaw (1897)〔"The Microcosm of the Negro". Friday, January 22, 1897. Evening Star (Washington (DC), District of Columbia). page 10〕 * William H. Richards (1899)〔"Founder's Day at Bethel". Colored American (Washington (DC), District of Columbia). Saturday, March 11, 1899. Volume: 6. Issue: 49. page: 5〕 * F. L Cardoza (1901) 〔"Bethel Literary Association". Colored American (Washington (DC), District of Columbia). Saturday, November 9, 1901. Volume: IX Issue: 32〕 * Kelly Miller〔"The Colored American is Thankful". Colored American (Washington (DC), District of Columbia). Saturday, November 28, 1903. Volume: X Issue: 21 Page: 4〕 * George W Jackson〔 * Shelby J. Davidson (1906)〔"Bethel Society Incorporated". Evening Star (Washington (DC), District of Columbia). Thursday, May 31, 1906. page 16〕 * Marie A. D. Madra (1907)〔"Bethel Literary". Washington Bee (Washington (DC), District of Columbia). Volume: XXVI. Issue: 34. Saturday, January 19, 1907. page: 5〕 * Louis George Gregory (1909) * Garnet C. Wilkinson (1910)〔"At the National Capital. Hampton Night Was the Stellar Event". Freeman (Indianapolis, Indiana) Saturday, November 26, 1910. Volume: XXIII Issue: 47 Page: 1〕 In various references it is also called Bethel Historical and Literary Society, Bethel Literary. There were also sister organizations with the same name, for example in Philadelphia.〔 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bethel Literary and Historical Society」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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